"2012 Olympics" redirects here. For the Winter Youth Olympics, see 2012 Winter Youth Olympics.
"London 2012" redirects here. For the video game, see London 2012 (video game). For the Paralympic Games, see 2012 Summer Paralympics.The 2012 Summer Olympic Games, officially the Games of the XXX Olympiad, also known informally asLondon 2012 (for example on the official logo), are scheduled to take place in London, United Kingdom, from 27 July to 12 August 2012.[1]
Following a bid headed by former Olympic champion Sebastian Coe and the then Mayor of London Ken Livingstone, London was selected as the host city on 6 July 2005 during the 117th IOC Session in Singapore, defeating Moscow, New York City, Madrid and Paris.[2] London will become the first city to officially host the modern Olympic Games three times,[3][4] having previously done so in 1908 and in 1948.[5][6]
Construction has involved considerable redevelopment, particularly themed towards sustainability.[7] The main focus of this is a new 200 hectare Olympic Park, constructed on a former industrial site at Stratford in the east of London
Bidding process
By the bid submission deadline of 15 July 2003, nine cities had submitted bids to host the 2012 Olympics. These cities were Havana, Istanbul, Leipzig, London, Madrid, Moscow, New York City, Paris and Rio de Janeiro.[9]
The Mayor of London, Ken Livingstone, said his primary motivation for initiating and lobbying for the city's bid was to develop the east end of London, neglected for over thirty years.[10] On 18 May 2004, the International Olympic Committee (IOC), as a result of a scored technical evaluation, reduced the number of cities to five: London, Madrid, Moscow, New York, and Paris.[11]
All five cities submitted their candidate files by 19 November 2004, and were visited by the IOC inspection team during February and March 2005. The Paris bid suffered two setbacks during the IOC inspection visit: a number of strikes and demonstrations coinciding with the visits, and a report that one of the key members of the Paris bid team would face charges over alleged corrupt party political finances.[12]
On 6 June 2005, the IOC released its evaluation reports for the five candidate cities. Although these reports did not contain any scores or rankings, the evaluation report for Paris was considered the most positive, now followed closely by London, which had narrowed most of the gap observed by the initial evaluation in 2004 regarding Paris. New York and Madrid also obtained very positive evaluation reports.[13]
Throughout the process, Paris was widely seen as the favourite to win the nomination, particularly as this was its third bid in recent history. Originally London was seen lagging Paris by a considerable margin; however, this started to improve with the appointment of Sebastian Coe as new head of London 2012 on 19 May 2004.[14] In late August 2004, reports predicted a London and Paris tie in the 2012 bid.[15] In the final run-up to the 117th IOC Session, London and Paris appeared to be increasingly in a neck-and-neck race. On 1 July 2005, Jacques Rogge, when asked who the winner would be, told the assembled press: "I cannot predict it since I don't know how the IOC members will vote. But my gut feeling tells me that it will be very close. Perhaps it will come down to a difference of say ten votes, or maybe less".[16]
On 6 July 2005, the final selection was announced at the 117th IOC Session in Singapore. Moscow was the first city to be eliminated, followed by New York and Madrid. The final two cities left in contention were London and Paris. At the end of the fourth round of voting, London won the right to host the 2012 Games with 54 votes, defeating Paris's 50.[17] The celebrations in London were short-lived, being overshadowed by terrorist attacks on London's transport system less than 24 hours after the announcement.[18]
| 2012 Summer Olympics bidding results | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City | NOC | Round 1 | Round 2 | Round 3 | Round 4 | |
| London |  United Kingdom | 22 | 27 | 39 | 54 | |
| Paris |  France | 21 | 25 | 33 | 50 | |
| Madrid |  Spain | 20 | 32 | 31 | — | |
| New York City |  United States | 19 | 16 | — | — | |
| Moscow |  Russia | 15 | — | — | — | |
Development and preparation
Since the 2005 bid
Main article: 2012 Summer Olympic development
The London Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (LOCOG) was created to oversee the staging of the Games after the success of the bid, and held their first board meeting on 3 October 2005.[19] The committee, chaired by Lord Coe, is in charge of implementing and staging the games, while the Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA) is in charge of the construction of the venues and infrastructure.[19] In April 2006 the Olympic Delivery Authority board was established.[20]
The Government Olympic Executive (GOE), a unit within the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS), is the lead Government body for coordinating the London 2012 Olympics. The GOE reports through the DCMS Permanent Secretary to the Minister for Sports and the Olympics. It focuses on oversight of the Games, cross-programme programme management and the London 2012 Olympic Legacy before and after the Games that will benefit London and the UK. The organisation is also responsible for the supervision of the £9.3 billion of public sector funding.[21]
In August 2011, security concerns arose surrounding the hosting of the Olympic Games in London[22] due to the 2011 England riots, with a few countries expressing fear over the safety of the Games,[23] in spite of the International Olympic Committee's assurance that the riots will not affect the Games.[24]
The IOC's Coordination Commission for the 2012 Games completed their tenth and final visit to London in March 2012. They concluded that "London is ready to host the world this summer".[25]
Venues and infrastructure
Main article: Venues of the 2012 Summer Olympics and Paralympics
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The 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games will use a mixture of new venues, existing and historic facilities, and temporary facilities, some of them in well-known locations such as Hyde Park and Horse Guards Parade. Some of the new facilities will be reused in their Olympic form, while others will be resized or relocated.[26]
The majority of venues have been divided into three zones within Greater London: the Olympic Zone, the River Zone and the Central Zone. In addition to these are those venues that, by necessity, are outside the boundaries of Greater London, such as the Weymouth and Portland National Sailing Academy on the Isle of Portland in Dorset, which will host the sailing events, some 125 miles (200 km) southwest of London. The football tournament will be staged at several grounds around the UK.[27] Work began on the Park in December 2006, when a sports hall in Eton Manor was pulled down.[28] The athletes' village in Portland was completed in September 2011.[29]
In November 2004 the 500-acre Olympic Park plans were revealed.[30] The plans for the site were approved in September 2004 by Tower Hamlets, Newham, Hackney and Waltham Forest.[31] The redevelopment of the area to build the Olympic Park required compulsory purchase orders of property. The London Development Agency was in dispute with London and Continental Railways about the orders in November 2005. The LCR accused the LDA of killing off development in the area. The LDA planned to buy land alongside the Olympic Park for the Stratford City development project, bringing the 180-acre site of the former Stratford Rail Lands into a mixed-use development, including 4,500 new homes, office space, hotels and shops.[32] This resulted in 2011 with the completion of the largest urban shopping centre in Europe being operated by Westfield.[33] By May 2006, 86% of the land had been bought as businesses fought eviction; this led to an enquiry being set up. 206 companies had to relocate by July 2007.[34] In addition, residents who opposed the eviction tried to find way to stop it by setting up campaigns. However they had to leave as 94% of land was bought and the other 6% bought as a £9 billion regeneration project started.[35]
However, there were some issues with the original venues not being challenging enough or being financially unviable. For example, the road racing at the Olympic Games was originally scheduled to take place in Regent's Park and on Hampstead Heath. Instead the Olympic road races will start and finish on The Mall in central London, extend into Surrey to the south and include loops around Box Hill.[36] The Olympic mountain bike event will take place at Hadleigh Farm after the event was moved from Weald Country Park,[37] after the UCI labelled the course at the park "too easy" in July 2008.[38] A location in Kent was also considered.[39]
The Olympic marathon course, which was set to finish in the Olympic stadium, was moved to The Mall.[40] The idea angered some members of the local community, who said they had been left out of the Olympics as no events would take place in the boroughs. The change was made as closing Tower Bridge would cause gridlock in central London.[41][42][43] North Greenwich Arena 2 was scrapped in a cost-cutting exercise, Wembley Arena being used for badminton and rhythmic gymnastics events instead.[44][45][46][47]
Public transport
London's public transport was an element of the bid which was scored poorly in the IOC's initial evaluation; however, they felt that if the improvements were delivered in time for the Games then London would cope.[48]Transport for London (TfL) carried out numerous improvements in preparation for 2012, including the expansion of the London Overground's East London Line, upgrades to the Docklands Light Railway and the North London Line,[49] and the introduction of a new "Javelin" high-speed rail service,[50] using the Hitachi Corporation's "bullet" trains.[51] The platforms at Stratford International station (which are at a height designed for Eurostar trains) will be temporarily raised to accommodate the Javelin trains.[52] According to Network Rail, an additional 4,000 train services will run during the Games, and train operators will put on longer trains during the day.[53]
TfL has also built a £25 million cable car across the River Thames, the "Thames Cable Car", to link 2012 Olympics venues.[54] It was inaugurated in June 2012 and crosses the Thames between Greenwich Peninsula and the Royal Docks, carrying up to 2,500 passengers an hour at a heights above 50 metres in the air. It is designed to cut journey times between the O2 arena and theExCel exhibition centre – both of which are Olympic locations. The system could provide a crossing every 30 seconds.[55]
The plan is to have 80% of athletes travel less than 20 minutes to their event[56] and to have 93% of athletes within 30 minutes of their event.[57] The Olympic Park would be served by ten separate railway lines with a combined capacity of 240,000 passengers per hour.[58] In addition, the LOCOG planned for 90% of the venues to be served by three or more types of public transport.[57] Two park-and-ride sites were off the M25 with a combined capacity of 12,000 cars 25 minutes away from the Olympic Park. Another park-and-ride site was planned in Ebbsfleet which would have capacity for 9,000 cars where spectators could board a 10-minute shuttle bus.[57] To get spectators to Eton Dorney, four park-and-ride schemes were set up. Spectators would be dropped off at Windsor Racecourse with a bridge going over the Thames linking the racecourse to the rowing venue.[59]
Concerns have been expressed at the logistics of spectators travelling to the events outside London. In particular, the sailing events at Portland are in an area without direct motorway connections, and with local roads that are heavily congested by tourist traffic in the summer.[62] However, the Weymouth area did undergo a major upgrade to its road infrastructure. A £77 million relief road connecting Weymouth to Dorchester was built and opened in 2011.[63][64] Some £16 million was put aside for the rest of the improvements.[65] In addition the plans removed five roundabouts to ease congestion and replaced them with traffic lights.[66][67] But some residents were unhappy that the roundabouts were removed.[68]
FirstGroup will provide the venue shuttle and park-and-ride services, services connecting peripheral park-and-ride sites on the M25 with the Olympic Park and Ebbsfleet, and a nationwide network of express coaches to the Olympic Park and the Weymouth and Portland sailing venue. The services will require around 900 vehicles in total, although some will be sub-contracted.[69][70]
Financing
 | This section may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. The specific problem is:Public and private funding need to be separated more clearly. Comparisons with the original budget are missing. Section contains outdated figures and is generally hard to understand for non-business people.. (May 2012) |
The costs of mounting the Games are separate from those for building the venues and infrastructure, and redeveloping the land for the Olympic Park. While the Games are privately funded, the venues and Park costs are met largely by public money.
The original budget for the games was £2.4 billion, but this was increased almost fourfold to about £9.3 billion in 2007. The revised figures were announced to the House of Commons on 15 March 2007 by Tessa Jowell. Along with East End regeneration costs, the breakdown was:
- £5.3 billion to cover building the venues and infrastructure for the Games
- Elite sport and Paralympic funding of nearly £400 million.
- Security and policing costs of £600 million
- Regeneration of the Lower Lea Valley: £1.7 billion
- Contingency fund of £2.7 billion
- VAT of £800 million.
Mayor Ken Livingstone pledged the Games Organising Committee would make a profit.[71]
The costs for staging the Games (£2 billion) are funded from the private sector by a combination of sponsorship, merchandising, ticketing and broadcast rights. This budget is raised and managed by the London 2012 Organising Committee. According to Games organisers, the funding for this budget broadly breaks down as:
- 64% from Central Government;
- 23% from National Lottery
- 13% from the Mayor of London and the London Development Agency
On 18 August 2007, The Belfast Telegraph reported that jubilation over winning the right to stage the Olympic Games was becoming more muted as realisation dawns on the public of the enormous costs involved in creating facilities for the athletes.[72] Grassroot sport cuts will fund the Olympics, government figures suggested on 19 August 2007.[73]
In November 2007, Edward Leigh MP criticised the organisers for significantly under-estimating the cost of staging the games, suggesting they had either "acted in bad faith or were incompetent".[74]
On 10 December 2007, Tessa Jowell announced confirmation of the budget announced earlier in 2007. In June 2007, the Ministerial Funders' Group (established to manage the allocation of contingency to the ODA within the overall budget) met and agreed a first allocation of contingency to the ODA, being £360 million out of the £500 million of initial contingency announced in March, to enable the ODA to manage early cost pressures.
Following its second meeting on 26 November 2007, the Funders' Group has now agreed a baseline budget and scope proposed by the ODA. The total budgeted base cost to be met by the public sector funding package remains at £6.090 billion including tax and excluding general programme contingency as announced in March. This includes the allocation to the ODA of the remaining £140 million from the initial £500 million contingency announced in March.[75]
There have, however, been concerns over how the Olympics are to be funded. In February 2008, a London Assembly culture and sport committee report expressed concerns over the funding of the games taking away money from London's sports and arts groups.[76] There have also been complaints that funding towards the Olympics has been to the detriment of funding other areas of the UK. In Wales, there has been criticism from Plaid Cymru about the games depriving Wales of money, by using UK-wide funding rather than English funding.[77] The Wales on Sunday newspaper claimed former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair broke his promise to not use National Lottery funding for the Olympic games.[78][79]
As at December 2009, the Delivery Authority had allocated £702 million of Programme and Funders' contingency, largely to cover the decisions to publicly fund the Village and Media Centre after it became clear private funding could not be secured on acceptable terms during the 2008 to 2010 economic crisis. According to the Government Olympic Executive and Olympic Delivery Authority risk assessments, the remaining £1,270 million contingency is sufficient to manage risks to the Delivery Authority's programme.[80]
Also from May 2010, the Olympic budget will be cut by £27 million as part of the £6.2 billion cuts by the new Conservative-Liberal coalition government.
On 19 July 2011, Hugh Robertson, Sports & Olympic Minister, revealed that he expected the project to be delivered on time and under budget. "With one year to go to London 2012, the Games construction is 88 per cent complete and ahead of time and under budget. That is an extraordinary thing for a Government Minister to be able to say a year out from the Games."[81]
The cost of London 2012 has been studied by Oxford scholars Bent Flyvbjerg and Allison Stewart.[82] They found that over the past 50 years the most costly Games have been London 2012 (USD14.8 billion), Barcelona 1992 (USD11.4 billion), and Montreal 1976 (USD6 billion). Beijing 2008 may have been more costly than London or not; the Chinese authorities have not released the data that would allow verification of this. Cost here includes only sports-related costs and thus does not include other costs, such as public spending on road, rail, or airport infrastructure, or private costs, such as hotel upgrades or other business investments incurred in preparation of the Games, which are typically substantial but which vary drastically from city to city and are difficult to compare consistently.
Flyvbjerg and Stewart further found that London 2012 has substantial cost overrun, 101 per cent in real terms as of June 2012. This is more than twice the overrun for previous Games over the past decade, which on average were 47 per cent over budget. Thus London 2012 is reversing a positive trend with the Games of falling cost overrun. However, cost overrun for London 2012 is below the historical average for Games over the past 50 years, which is 179 per cent in real terms, according to Flyvbjerg and Stewart.
Partners
| [show]Sponsors of the 2012 Olympic Games |
|---|
To help fund the cost of staging the games the London Olympic organisers have agreed partnership deals with major companies. The companies have signed up into four categories; worldwide, tier one, tier two and tier three.
Volunteers
Unpaid volunteers known as Games Makers[84] will perform a variety of tasks before and during the Games.
A target of 70,000 volunteers was set as early as 2004.[85] When recruitment took place in 2010, over 240,000 applications were received.[86] Sebastian Coe said in February 2012 "Our Games Makers will contribute a total of around eight million volunteer hours during the Games and the Games simply wouldn't happen without them".[87]
Ticketing
Organisers estimate that some 8 million tickets would be available for the Olympic Games, and 1.5 million tickets for the Paralympic Games.[citation needed] It is estimated that 82% of available Olympic tickets and 63% of Paralympic tickets will be sold. LOCOG aims to raise £375–£400 million in ticket sales. There will also be free events: for example, the marathon, triathlon and road cycling,[88] although, for the first time in Olympic history, the sailing events will be ticketed.[89] Tickets for the London Prepares series, the Olympic test events, started to go on sale in May 2011.[90] To reduce congestion, ticket holders are entitled to free use of London's public transport network on the day of the event.[91]
Following IOC rules, people applied for tickets from the NOC of their country of residence. European Union residents were able to apply for tickets in any EU country.[92]
In Great Britain, ticket prices range from £20 for many events to £2,012 for the most expensive seats at the opening ceremony. Free tickets were given to military personnel, and children were invited to win tickets.[93] Free tickets were also given to the survivors and families of those who died during 7 July 2005 London bombings.[94] Initially, people were able to apply for tickets via a website from 15 March 2011 until 26 April 2011. There was a huge demand for tickets, with 1.8 million people applying for 20 million tickets – three times the 6.6 million tickets available in the first round lot, with 95% of the applications from Great Britain. More than 50% of the sessions went to a random ballot.[95][96] Over half the people who applied got no tickets, and the process was widely criticised, one consumer group questioning the point of taking money out of people's bank accounts before they knew which tickets they had successfully purchased,[97] and triple Olympic Champion Bradley Wiggins labelling the process a shambles.[98] However, Lord Coe and the LOCOG insisted that the process was fair, and that there was no perfect system.[99]
There was a second round of ticket sales for events that failed to sell out in the initial allocation.[100] This took place over a 10-day period between 23 June and 3 July 2011, with priority given to those who were unsuccessful in the first allocation process. At this point there were about 1.7 million tickets for football and 600,000 for other sports, including archery, hockey, football, judo, boxing and volleyball, among other sports with 1.5 million tickets priced between £20 and £50. Because so many people were buying tickets and because the Ticketmaster website did not update immediately, 15,000 had their application rejected, but 90% of people did get some tickets; some events sold out in 15 minutes, and by 8 am, ten sports had sold out.[101] People who were successful in the first round of tickets were allowed to buy more during the period 8–17 July 2011. By this point 1.5 million tickets were available for football, 40,000 for volleyball and 8,000 for freestyle wrestling on a first-come-first-served basis. However, by 10 July all the tickets for volleyball had been sold, as 3.5 million tickets had been sold in total. Another round of tickets was promised to go on sale in 2012[when?].[102][dated info]
In Russia people bought "Olympic vouchers" which one would have to redeem in London during July and August 2012, with people making their own accommodation and travel arrangements.[103] In Brazil, the ticket website and payment system did not work properly for the first three and a half days.[104]The British government was also asked to explain why it bought 9,000 tickets.[105]
Nearly one million more tickets went on sale starting on 11 May 2012.[106]
Countdown
During the closing ceremony of the 2008 Olympics, the Olympic Flag was formally handed over from the Mayor of Beijing to the Mayor of London. This was followed by a section highlighting London,[107] One month later, the Olympic and Paralympic flags were raised outside the London City Hall[108]
A countdown clock in Trafalgar Square was unveiled, 500 days before the games.[109] The clock broke down the following day. The same location hosted one of a number of events to mark a year before the games.[110] Final countdown to the start of this year's summer games in London has begun with the ceremony of lighting of Olympic flame in Ancient Olympia in Greece.[111]
Security
Main article: Security for the 2012 Summer Olympics
The security operation is led by the police, with 10,000 officers available, supported by 13,500 members of the armed forces.Naval and air assets, including ships situated in the Thames, Eurofighter jets and surface-to-air missiles, will be deployed as part of the security operation. The cost of security has also increased from £282m to £553m. This will be the biggest security operation Britain has faced for decades. The figure of 13,500 armed forces personnel is more than Britain currently has deployed in Afghanistan.[112] The Metropolitan Police and the Royal Marines carried out security exercises in preparation for the Olympics on 19 January 2012, with 50 marine police officers in rigid inflatables and fast response boats, joined by up to 100 military personnel and a Lynx Navy helicopter.[113]
The Ministry of Defence distributed leaflets to residents of the Lexington building in Bow, announcing that a missile system was to be stationed on top of the water tower.[114][115] This caused concern to some residents.[114][115] The Ministry said it probably would use Starstreakmissiles and that site evaluations had taken place, but that no final decision had taken place.[114][115]
It emerged in July 2012 that G4S, the firm responsible for supplying security staff for the Olympics, had been unable to recruit enough, so the shortfall would have to be made up by 3500 UK military servicepeople. There were also media reports that G4S had failed to respond to people applying for jobs as security staff, that recruits were inadequately trained, that some were teenagers, and that some could not speak English well enough.
Logo
There have been two London 2012 logos: one for the bidding process created by Kino Design and a second as the brand for the Games themselves. The former is a ribbon with blue, yellow, black, green, and red stripes winding through the text "LONDON 2012," making the shape of the River Thames in East London. The latter, designed by Wolff Olins, was unveiled on 4 June 2007 and cost £400,000.[116] This new logo is a representation of the number 2012, with the Olympic Rings embedded within the zero.[117]
This will be the first time that the same essential logo is to be used for both the Olympic and Paralympic games.[118]
The standard colours are green, magenta, orange and blue; however, the logo has incorporated a variety of colours, including the Union Flag to promote the handover ceremony.[119] The flexibility of the logo has enabled sponsors to incorporate their corporate colours into a personalised version, such as Lloyds TSB,[120] British Airways,[121] and Adidas.[122]
London 2012 has stated that the new logo is aimed at reaching young people. Sebastian Coe stated that it builds upon everything that the organising committee has said "about reaching out and engaging young people, which is where our challenge is over the next five years." One observer, a managing director of an advertising agency, noted that the logo bore a strong resemblance to the logo for the 1974–1982 children's television programme Tiswas, commenting that appealing to young people is difficult, and that they will see right through attempts to patronise them.[123]
Early public reaction to the logo, as measured by a poll on the BBC website, was largely negative: more than 80% of votes gave the logo the lowest possible rating.[124] Several newspapers have run their own logo competitions, displaying alternative submissions from their readers. The Sun displayed a design by amacaque monkey.[125] It was suggested that the logo resembles the cartoon character Lisa Simpson performing fellatio[126] and others have complained that it looks like a distorted Swastika.[127] In February 2011, Iran complained that the logo appeared to spell out the word "Zion" and threatened to boycott the Olympics.[128] Iran submitted its complaint to the International Olympic Committee, describing the logo as racist, asking that it be withdrawn and the designers be confronted. The IOC quietly rejected the demands, and Iran announced it would not boycott the Games.[129]
A segment of animated footage released at the same time as the logo was reported to trigger seizures in a small number of people with photosensitive epilepsy. The charity Epilepsy Action received telephone calls from people who claimed to have had seizures after watching the sequence on TV. In response, a short segment was removed from the London 2012 website.[130] Ken Livingstone, then London Mayor, said that the company who designed the film should not be paid for what he called a "catastrophic mistake."[131]
A blogger at the BBC said that "London 2012's new logo has got the country talking [although] not in the manner the organisers would have hoped."[132] One employee at a design firm described it as "well thought out" and anticipated it would "become a source of pride for London and the Games."[133]
Mascots
Main article: Wenlock and Mandeville
The official mascots for the 2012 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games were unveiled on 19 May 2010;[134] this marks the second time (after Vancouver) that both Olympic and Paralympic mascots were unveiled at the same time. Wenlock and Mandeville are animations depicting two drops of steel from a steelworks in Bolton.[134] They are named Wenlock, after the Shropshire town of Much Wenlock, which held a forerunner of the current Olympic Games, and Mandeville, after Stoke Mandeville, a village in Buckinghamshire where a forerunner to the Paralympic Games were first held.[134] The writer Michael Morpurgo wrote the story concept to the mascots, and an animation was produced;[135] it is intended that this will form part of an ongoing series concerning the mascots in the run-up to the Games in 2012.[134] Two stories have been created about the mascots: Out Of A Rainbow, the story of how Wenlock and Mandeville came to be, and Adventures On A Rainbow, which features the children from Out Of A Rainbow meeting the mascots and trying out many different Olympic and Paralympic sports.[136]
Medals
Approximately 4,700[137] Olympic and Paralympic medals have been produced by the Royal Mint.[138] They were designed by David Watkins (Olympics) and Lin Cheung (Paralympics).[139] Each medal weighs 375–400g, has a diameter of 85mm and is 7mm thick, with the sport and discipline engraved on the rim.[140] The obverse, as is traditional, features Nike, the Greek goddess of victory, stepping from the Parthenon; the reverse features the Games logo, the River Thames, and a series of lines representing "the energy of athletes and a sense of pulling together".[141] The medals were transferred to the Tower of London vaults on 2 July 2012 for storage.[140]
Test events
Main article: London Prepares series
Many test events will be held throughout 2011 and 2012, either through an existing championship such as 2012 Wimbledon Championships or as a specially created event held under the banner of London Prepares. Some events are closed to the public, others are ticketed. Basketball and BMX were the first events to be tested within the Olympic Park.[142]
Torch relay
Main article: 2012 Summer Olympics torch relay
The Olympics torch relay runs from 19 May to 27 July 2012, before the games. Plans for the relay were developed in 2010–11, with the torch-bearer selection process announced on 18 May 2011.[143] The Olympic Torch arrived on flight BA2012 on 18 May 2012 from Greece.[144] The relay will last 70 days, with 66 evening celebrations and six island visits, involving about 8,000 people carrying the torch a distance of about 8,000 miles (12,800 km), starting from Land's End in Cornwall.[145] The torch had one day outside of the United Kingdom when it visited Dublin on 6 June.[146] The relay is focusing on National Heritage Sites, locations and venues with sporting significance, key sporting events, schools registered with the Get Set School Network, green spaces and biodiversity, Live Sites (city locations with large screens), festivals and other events.[147]
Opening ceremony
Main article: 2012 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
The Opening ceremony of the 2012 Summer Olympics will be held on 27 July 2012 and be called "The Isles of Wonder".[148] Oscar-winning director Danny Boyle will be the artistic director for the opening ceremony and the music directors will be Rick Smith and Karl Hyde of the electronic music duo Underworld.[149]
The games will be officially opened by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh.[150] A short film starringDaniel Craig as secret agent James Bond will be screened during the television coverage of the ceremony.[151] Sir Paul McCartney has announced he will perform at the end of the ceremony.[152]
Closing ceremony
Main article: 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony
The closing ceremony of the London 2012 Summer Olympics will start on 12 August 2012. The ceremony will include a handover by Boris Johnson, Mayor of London, to Eduardo Paes, Mayor of Rio de Janeiro, the host city of 2016 Summer Olympics.[153]
The Games
Participants
Athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) are expected to participate. The Netherlands Antilles Olympic Committee, which had planned to continue functioning after the dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles, had its membership withdrawn by the IOC Executive Committee at the IOC session of June 2011. However, Dutch Antillean athletes who qualify for the 2012 Olympics will be allowed to participate independently under the Olympic flag.[154] Listed below are NOCs who have qualified at least one athlete. As of 12 July 2012, 201 countries have qualified at least one athlete.
Yet to qualify
As of 12 July 2012, these 3 NOCs are yet to qualify for the 2012 Summer Olympics:
Sports
The 2012 Summer Olympic programme features 26 sports and a total of 39 disciplines:
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